The modern history of south asia is shaped by the personalities of its two most prominent politicians and ideologues - mohammad ali jinnah and mahatma gandhi. Jinnah shaped the final settlement by consistently demanding pakistan, and gandhi defined the largely non-violent nature of the independence campaign. Theirs would seem to be a story of success, yet for each of them, the story ended in a kind of failure. How did two educated barristers who saw themselves as heralds of a newly independent country come to find themselves on opposite ends of the political spectrum? how did jinnah, who started out a secular liberal, end up a muslim nationalist? how did a god-fearing moralist and social reformer like gandhi become a national political leader? and how did their fundamental divergences lead to the birth of two new countries that have shaped the political history of the subcontinent? this bestselling book skillfully chronicles the incredible similarities and ultimate differences between