In 1707, the last effective Mughal Emperor, Aurangzeb, died in Maharashtra, a frustrated man. Even after nearly twenty-two years of war, he failed to conquer the Marathas. With his death began the fall of the Mughal Empire that was to be replaced by the Marathas in Central India and parts of North India. In the early nineteenth century the British took over India not from the Mughals but from the Marathas. Under Shivaji the Great, with the heady aim of Hindavi Swarajya (Indian Self-Rule), the British saw the Marathas as the principal threat to their colonial project. The story of Maratha resistance to the British was therefore systematically swept under the carpet by the British. This book attempts to tell the untold story of that important period of Indian history.